Edém

Edém, commonly referred to as edema, is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues or within body cavities. It presents as swelling and may involve a single region or the entire body. Edema is a sign of an underlying condition rather than a disease itself.

Causes and mechanisms may include imbalances between capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, impaired lymphatic drainage, or increased capillary permeability. Common drivers are congestive heart failure, kidney disease (including nephrotic syndrome), liver cirrhosis, venous insufficiency, and pregnancy. Inflammation, infections, and certain medications (such as calcium channel blockers and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) can contribute. Lymphedema arises from obstruction or damage to lymphatic pathways.

Clinical features and classification vary. Peripheral edema typically affects the ankles, feet, and legs, while generalized edema involves more body regions. Pitting edema leaves a temporary impression when pressed, whereas non-pitting edema occurs in conditions like lymphedema or myxedema. Pulmonary edema is a rapid accumulation of fluid in the lungs and is a medical emergency; cerebral edema refers to swelling of the brain and has different etiologies.

Diagnosis relies on history, physical examination, and targeted tests. Laboratory work may assess kidney and liver function, albumin levels, and thyroid status. Imaging and studies such as echocardiography, chest radiography, or vascular ultrasonography may be used to identify heart failure, fluid overload, DVT, or other causes.

Management depends on the underlying cause and may include diuretics, salt restriction, compression therapy for limb edema, limb elevation, treatment of venous insufficiency, and specific measures for lymphedema. Addressing the root condition is essential for prognosis, and chronic edema can lead to skin changes, ulcers, and infection if not properly managed.