Düsmenorröa

Düsmenorröa, also known as primary dysmenorrhea, refers to the recurrent, painful menstrual cramps that occur in the absence of any identifiable pelvic pathology. It typically begins within the first few years after menarche and is most common in adolescents and young women.

The primary cause of düsmenorröa involves increased production of prostaglandins—hormone-like substances that promote uterine contractions and increase uterine sensitivity to pain. Elevated prostaglandin levels lead to stronger uterine contractions, reduced blood flow to the uterine muscles, and subsequent ischemia, all of which contribute to menstrual pain. This condition is characterized by crampy, lower abdominal pain, which can radiate to the lower back and thighs. The pain usually occurs shortly before or during menstruation and can last from a few hours to several days.

Diagnosis of düsmenorröa is primarily clinical, based on patient history and symptom presentation, with no evidence of underlying pelvic disease. Physical examination and pelvic ultrasound are typically performed to exclude secondary causes such as endometriosis, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Management strategies focus on symptom relief and may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which reduce prostaglandin synthesis, and hormonal contraceptives, which suppress ovulation and stabilize the endometrial lining. Lifestyle modifications, such as regular exercise, heat therapy, and dietary adjustments, can also provide relief. In cases where symptoms persist or are severe, further medical evaluation may be necessary to rule out secondary dysmenorrhea, which involves identifiable pelvic pathology.

Düsmenorröa is a common condition that can significantly impact quality of life, but effective treatments are available to manage symptoms effectively.