Dyspermia

Dyspermia is a term used to describe abnormal semen quality that can contribute to male infertility. It is not a diagnosis in itself, but a descriptive label for semen parameters that fall outside the reference range on semen analysis.

Common forms and terminology include oligospermia, or low sperm concentration; asthenospermia, or reduced sperm motility; and teratospermia, or abnormal sperm morphology. Azoospermia, the complete absence of measurable sperm in the semen, is also a related finding. Dyspermia may involve one or more of these abnormalities.

Causes of dyspermia are varied and can be congenital or acquired. Potential factors include hormonal disorders, genetic conditions, and anatomical problems such as varicocele or undescended testis. Infections of the urogenital tract, prostatitis, or seminal vesiculitis can alter semen properties. Lifestyle and environmental factors—tobacco use, excessive alcohol, obesity, heat exposure, certain medications, and occupational toxins—may contribute. Age-related declines in fertility can also play a role in some cases.

Diagnosis typically starts with a semen analysis performed after a period of abstinence. If abnormalities are found, repeat testing is often recommended. Additional workup may include endocrine tests (hormone levels), scrotal ultrasound, assessment for infections, and evaluation for other infertility factors.

Management targets the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle changes, treatment of infections, or surgical correction of anatomical issues. For couples where natural conception is not feasible, assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection may be considered. Prognosis varies with the cause and the success of treatment, with many cases proceeding to successful conceptions through appropriate interventions.