Dryobates

Dryobates is a genus of woodpeckers in the family Picidae. Species in Dryobates are generally small to medium-sized woodpeckers that forage by pecking and chiseling into wood to find insects. The genus has a primarily North American distribution, with some species found in parts of Eurasia, and is characterized by black-and-white plumage with bold facial and back markings. Males commonly display red on the head, varying by species.

The two best-known members are the downy woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens) and the hairy woodpecker (Dryobates villosus). Both were previously included in Picoides, but molecular studies led to their reassignment to Dryobates in modern classifications. In some checklists, other related species have also been placed in Dryobates.

In appearance, Dryobates woodpeckers are small to medium in size, with a short, stout bill and a pattern of white underparts and black-and-white barred or spotted backs. They are easily confused with larger Picoides species, but can be distinguished by size, vocalizations, and habitat preferences.

Ecology and behavior: They forage by climbing tree trunks and branches, tapping for larvae and other insects; drumming patterns help define territory and species identity. They nest in cavities in dead or decaying trees; both parents incubate eggs and provision nestlings. Typical clutches range from four to seven eggs, and fledging occurs after about two weeks of nestling care.

Conservation: Dryobates species are generally common with stable populations, though regional declines can occur due to habitat loss and competition for nest cavities.