Drunkenness

Drunkenness, or intoxication, is the state that follows the consumption of ethanol-containing beverages. It is characterized by impairment of attention, judgment, balance, coordination, and other motor and cognitive functions. The intensity and duration depend on the amount and rate of alcohol intake, body weight, sex, metabolic rate, and whether food is present in the stomach.

Ethanol is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and reaches peak blood alcohol concentration within 30 to 90 minutes after drinking. The liver metabolizes most ethanol at a relatively constant rate, about 0.015% BAC per hour, though this can vary. Effects range from euphoria and sociability at low levels to confusion, ataxia, slurred speech, and unconsciousness at higher levels. Acute risks include accidents, injuries, aggression, and alcohol poisoning. In cases of suspected alcohol poisoning or severe intoxication, seek urgent medical help.

Chronic, heavy use can lead to tolerance, dependence, liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular problems, neurocognitive impairment, and fetal harm in pregnancy.

Withdrawal can occur if drinking is reduced after heavy, sustained use and may include tremors, anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and, in severe cases, delirium tremens, requiring medical supervision.

Legal and public health aspects vary but commonly include age-based restrictions on purchase, penalties for driving while intoxicated, and policies to reduce excessive drinking.

Treatment options for alcohol use disorder include counseling, behavioral therapies, and, when appropriate, medications such as naltrexone, acamprosate, or disulfiram, along with support programs.