Defibrylatory

Defibrillators, or defibrylatory devices, are medical devices used to treat certain life-threatening heart rhythm disorders by delivering an electric shock to the heart. The aim is to reset the heart’s electrical activity to a stable rhythm, most often in cases of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.

External defibrillators include manual defibrillators, used by trained clinicians, and automated external defibrillators (AEDs), designed for use by laypersons with minimal training. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are surgically implanted devices that monitor heart rhythms and deliver pacing or shocks as needed. Wearable defibrillators provide temporary monitoring and defibrillation capability for people at high risk.

Function and operation: The device analyzes the heart’s rhythm and, if a dangerous rhythm is detected, delivers an electrical shock of a controlled energy. External defibrillators can deliver unsynchronized shocks (defibrillation) or, in some cases, synchronized shocks (cardioversion) when required. ICDs can deliver low-energy pacing or high-energy shocks, and can also provide anti-tachycardia pacing to normalize rhythm.

Applications and safety: Defibrillators are central to emergency response for sudden cardiac arrest, and AEDs are increasingly installed in public places. Use is typically combined with basic life support, including CPR. Regular maintenance, prompt replacement of batteries and pads, and public training are important for effectiveness.

History and development: The concept emerged in the mid-20th century, with early work by researchers such as Claude Beck. Modern defibrillators have evolved to portable, easy-to-use AEDs and compact ICDs. Regulatory and safety guidelines govern their use and maintenance.