Defection

Defection is the act of abandoning one allegiance or association to join or align with an opposing one, typically referring to political, military, or ideological loyalty. In an international context, a defector is an individual who renounces their country or organization and seeks asylum or assumes a new allegiance, often in a different state or faction. Defection differs from desertion, which usually refers to leaving military service without immediate intent to join the enemy, and from exile, which is the long-term removal from one’s country for political reasons.

Common contexts include political defection, where a public shift in loyalty by a politician, official, or activist occurs; military defection, where a soldier or officer abandons their post to join the opposing side; and diplomatic or espionage defection, where defecting diplomats or intelligence officers seek asylum and protection while providing information or support to a new allegiance.

Causes and motivations can include perceived political repression, ideological realignment, coercion, personal safety, or the prospect of political or material reward. The decision often involves significant risks, such as retaliation against the individual or family, loss of status, or charges of treason or espionage.

Consequences vary by case. Defectors may gain asylum and protection in the receiving country or face legal prosecution and social stigma in their country of origin. For states, defection can affect morale, legitimacy, and strategic calculations, and may prompt political or propaganda responses.

Defection has implications for loyalty, identity, and the functioning of political and military institutions, and is a subject of ongoing legal and ethical debate in many countries.