Daodejing

Daodejing, also known as the Dao De Jing, is a foundational Chinese text traditionally ascribed to the sage Laozi. Its dating is disputed; while traditionally placed in the 6th century BCE, many scholars view the work as a compilation from the late Zhou period, possibly extending into the 4th century BCE. The text has been highly influential across East Asia and beyond.

The Daodejing consists of 81 short chapters written in concise, poetic prose. It centers on two interrelated ideas: the Dao (the Way), an undefinable principle underlying the universe, and De (virtue or power), the quality that results from living in accordance with the Dao. Core themes include simplicity, humility, softness, and non-contention. The work often employs paradox and imagery drawn from nature, such as water, valleys, and empty space, to illustrate its counsel.

A central concept is wuwei, or non-action/effortless action, urging alignment with the Dao rather than forceful striving. The text also offers political guidance, advocating limited government, restraint, and rulers who lead by example rather than coercion.

The Daodejing has profoundly influenced Daoism and Chinese thought, shaping ethical, political, and cosmological perspectives. It has also intersected with Confucian and Buddhist ideas and has inspired a vast tradition of interpretation. In the modern era, it has become one of the most widely translated works of world literature. Notable English translations include those by James Legge, Arthur Waley, D. C. Lau, Stephen Mitchell, and Gia-fu Yang with Jane English.