Daoism

Daoism, also spelled Taoism, is a religious and philosophical tradition of China that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (the Way), the fundamental principle that gives rise to and governs all things. Daoism encompasses philosophical schools, such as Daojia, which explores the nature of the Dao and how to align life with it, and religious Daoism (Daojiao), which includes temples, rituals, and practices aimed at longevity, spiritual development, and immortality. The tradition draws on texts such as the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi, and has influenced Chinese religion, philosophy, medicine, art, and culture.

Daoist thought centers on the Dao as the source of all, seen as the ineffable and beyond language. Key ideas include wu wei (non-action or effortless action), naturalness (ziran), simplicity, and spontaneity. Cosmology often depicts a dynamic interplay of qi (vital energy) and the complementary forces of yin and yang. The aim is to align human life with the Dao, reducing artificial desires and returning to a state of harmony with nature.

Historically, Daoism emerged in the second half of the first millennium BCE, with figures such as Laozi (traditionally credited author of the Daodejing) and Zhuangzi. It developed into a complex religious movement during the Han era and later periods, incorporating rituals, liturgy, meditation, and ritual masters. Religious Daoism developed organized sects, alchemical practices for longevity and transcendence, and a pantheon of deities. Daoism also interacted with Buddhism and Confucianism, contributing to Chinese religious life and the practice of medicine, alchemy, and martial arts.

In modern times, Daoism continues as a living tradition in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and diaspora communities, as well as in secular philosophical contexts worldwide. It remains influential in traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui, and the arts, and continues to attract adherents and scholars interested in its philosophies of harmony, balance, and the natural order.