DVMs

DVMs are veterinarians who hold the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree, a professional doctorate awarded in many countries after completing veterinary education. In the United States and some other regions, the degree is commonly titled DVM; some schools use VMD or alternative names, but all designate licensed veterinary professionals.

Education and training: Typically requires four years of veterinary school following undergraduate study, including preclinical coursework and clinical rotations. Programs cover anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, microbiology, clinical medicine, surgery, and public health. Upon completion, graduates must pass licensure exams to practice legally in their jurisdiction.

Licensing and regulation: Licensure generally requires passing national or regional examinations (for example, the NAVLE in the United States and Canada) and meeting state or provincial requirements. Ongoing CE (continuing education) is usually required to maintain licensure. Some veterinarians pursue advanced board certification in a specialty.

Scope of work: DVMs diagnose and treat illnesses in animals, perform surgeries, prescribe medications, and provide preventive care. They may work in private clinics, zoos, wildlife rehabilitation, research, or government roles in public health and food safety. DVMs also advise owners on nutrition, welfare, and disease prevention.

Specialization and organizations: Many DVMs pursue postgraduate residencies and board certification in fields such as surgery, internal medicine, pathology, or dentistry. Professional bodies include the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), and specialty colleges whose standards vary by country. Ethical obligations emphasize animal welfare, client communication, and public health considerations.