DNAProfile

DNAProfile is a term used to describe the set of genetic markers derived from an individual's DNA that can be used for identification and comparison. In forensic and civil contexts, a DNA profile typically comprises genotypes at a standardized panel of short tandem repeat (STR) loci. For each locus, the profile records the two alleles present on the two chromosomes, often expressed as allele sizes or repeat counts. The collection of results across all loci creates a digital fingerprint that can be compared to other profiles or to reference samples.

Most jurisdictions rely on a defined core panel of STR loci (for example the CODIS core set) and, increasingly, expanded panels that provide greater discrimination. DNA profiling is generally performed by extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying the targeted loci with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and determining allele sizes through capillary electrophoresis or sequencing. A profile may be stored in a database or exchanged between laboratories in a standardized format.

Applications include forensic identification of crime-scene materials, paternity and relationship testing, identification of missing persons or disaster victims, and genealogical research in some contexts. Limitations include incomplete or degraded samples, mixed DNA from multiple individuals, allele drop-out, and statistical interpretation challenges. A DNA profile does not reveal a person’s full genome sequence or sensitive traits by itself; inferences about appearance or ancestry are probabilistic and subject to evaluation.

Ethical and legal considerations concern informed consent, privacy, retention, access controls, and permissible uses, with rules varying by jurisdiction. Privacy-preserving approaches and governance mechanisms are common elements of responsible practice.