DCDCconverters

DCDC converters, also written as DC-DC converters, are solid-state circuits that convert one DC voltage level to another while preserving the direction of current. They use switching elements, energy storage components such as inductors or transformers, and rectifying/filtering devices to transfer energy efficiently. By rapidly turning the switch on and off and shaping the resulting waveforms, they regulate the output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load.

Topologies are broadly categorized as non-isolated and isolated. Non-isolated converters include buck (step-down), boost (step-up), buck-boost and SEPIC; these exchange energy via inductors without a galvanic barrier between input and output. Isolated converters use a transformer to provide voltage conversion and electrical isolation; common examples are flyback, forward, push-pull, half-bridge and full-bridge designs. Multi-output and high-power variants exist.

Efficiency in DCDC converters is generally much higher than linear regulators, especially at large voltage differences or higher currents, but depends on switching losses, inductor quality, and layout. Regulation is achieved with feedback that compares a scaled output voltage to a fixed reference and adjusts the switch duty cycle or frequency. Common control schemes include voltage-mode, current-mode, and hysteretic control.

They are used in portable electronics, automotive systems, renewable-energy interfaces, battery charging, servers, and industrial equipment. Design considerations include conversion ratio, isolation needs, efficiency, heat generation, EMI, component stress, and protection features such as overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and thermal shutdown. Standards address safety and emissions for electrical products.