Cvitamiinit

Cvitamiinit, the Finnish term for vitamin C, refers to ascorbic acid, a water-soluble micronutrient essential for humans. Humans cannot synthesize vitamin C due to lack of the enzyme gulonolactone oxidase, so it must be obtained from the diet or dietary supplements. In the body, ascorbic acid functions as a cofactor for collagen synthesis and other hydroxylation reactions, serves as a potent antioxidant, aids iron absorption, and participates in neurotransmitter synthesis.

Common dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, kiwifruit, peppers, broccoli, and leafy greens. Daily requirements vary by age and sex; typical adult recommendations are about 75–90 mg per day, with higher needs for smokers (often an extra ~35 mg). The safe upper intake level for adults is commonly set at 2000 mg per day to avoid adverse gastrointestinal effects.

Deficiency causes scurvy, a disease characterized by gum bleeding, gingival inflammation, poor wound healing, anemia, and perifollicular hemorrhages. Scurvy is preventable and treatable with adequate vitamin C intake.

Supplementation and safety: Vitamin C is available as ascorbic acid and in mineral ascorbate salts. Supplements are used to increase intake when dietary sources are insufficient or to meet medical recommendations. Vitamin C is generally well tolerated at usual doses; high doses can cause GI upset and diarrhea, and very high intakes may be risky for individuals with kidney stones or certain medical conditions. Vitamin C can enhance iron absorption from plant-based foods and may interfere with some laboratory tests.

History: Vitamin C was identified in the early 20th century; Szent-Györgyi and colleagues isolated ascorbic acid, and the discovery contributed to the understanding of scurvy and nutrition; the Nobel Prize was awarded in 1937 to Szent-Györgyi for discoveries in biological oxidation processes, including vitamin C.