Craniomandibular

Craniomandibular describes the anatomical and functional relationship between the cranium (the skull) and the mandible (the lower jaw), focusing on how the jaw moves and how the teeth and supporting tissues interact. In clinical contexts, the term often refers to the craniomandibular system, which includes the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), the masticatory muscles, teeth, occlusion, and related neurovascular structures.

Anatomy and physiology are centered on the temporomandibular joints, which allow hinge-like and gliding movements as the jaw opens, closes, and broadens its range of motion. The articular disc of the TMJ, ligaments, and the muscles of mastication (such as the masseter, temporalis, and pterygoids) coordinate movement and bite forces. Proper occlusion—how teeth meet when the jaws close—plays a key role in the balance of forces across the craniomandibular system.

Clinically, craniomandibular disorders (CMD) or temporomandibular disorders (TMD) describe a spectrum of conditions characterized by jaw pain, headaches, facial pain, jaw clicking or locking, limited mouth opening, and in some cases muscle tenderness or fatigue. Risk factors include occlusal abnormalities, parafunctional habits (for example, bruxism), stress, trauma, and certain connective-tissue conditions. Diagnosis relies on patient history, physical examination, and imaging as needed (such as panoramic radiographs or MRI).

Management is usually conservative and multidisciplinary, prioritizing education, self-management, physical therapy, and behavioral approaches. Treatments may include occlusal appliances, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or muscle relaxants, and targeted exercises. Surgical options are considered only in selected, refractory cases. The field emphasizes a holistic view of function, pain, and psychosocial factors in craniomandibular health.