Cortinariaceae

Cortinariaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi in the order Agaricales. It is best known for the large genus Cortinarius, which contains a vast number of species, many of which are difficult to distinguish by eye. A distinctive feature of many members is a cobweb-like partial veil, or cortina, that often leaves fine, threadlike remnants on the stalk or cap in young fruiting bodies.

Morphology and identification commonly focus on the basidiome consisting of a cap, gills, and a central stalk. The spore print is typically brown to reddish-brown, reflecting the color of the mature spores. Cap color and size, gill attachment, and the presence of a cortina are among characteristics used in field observations, though precise identification often requires microscopic examination and, in many cases, molecular data.

Ecology and distribution: Most Cortinariaceae species are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutualistic associations with trees, including conifers and broadleaf species. They are distributed worldwide, with many species thriving in temperate regions. Fruiting commonly occurs in the autumn months in the Northern Hemisphere, though patterns vary by species and climate.

Toxicology and edibility: Several Cortinarius species produce toxins, notably orellanine, which can cause delayed, severe kidney damage. Because identifying edible from deadly species within Cortinarius is risky and many species are poorly described, these mushrooms are generally regarded as inedible or hazardous. Foraging guidance emphasizes expert identification and caution.

Taxonomy and phylogeny: Cortinariaceae comprises Cortinarius and related genera, with classification increasingly informed by molecular phylogenetics. While the internal relationships among species are complex and still under study, the family is recognized for its ecological importance as mycorrhizal associates and its notable morphological diversity.