Coregonus

Coregonus is a genus of freshwater fishes in the family Salmonidae, commonly known as whitefishes. The genus comprises numerous species and forms distributed across the cooler regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Most Coregonus species inhabit large lakes and rivers, with many populations confined to single basins; some lineages exhibit migratory life histories between lakes and connected waterways.

Taxonomy and morphology within Coregonus are characterized by considerable diversity and ongoing taxonomic debate. The rapid postglacial diversification has produced many locally adapted populations, and the status of some forms as distinct species versus ecotypes remains contentious. Morphologically, Coregonus individuals are generally slender and laterally compressed, with small heads and mouths. They often display silvery or pale coloration and can vary in gill-raker counts and body shape according to their trophic niche and habitat.

Ecology and life history are linked to their cold, clear-water environments. Juveniles typically feed on zooplankton, while adults may consume crustaceans, insect larvae, and small fish depending on availability. Spawning commonly occurs in winter or early spring in shallow littoral zones, with eggs laid on substrates such as gravel or vegetation. The duration from egg to juvenile stages varies by species and environment, and many populations reach maturity over two to six years.

Economic and conservation aspects reflect the reliance of some regions on whitefishes for commercial and subsistence fisheries. populations have declined in parts of their range due to overfishing, habitat degradation, invasive species, and climate change. Conservation and management measures, including habitat protection andCatch quotas, are employed in various regions to sustain remaining populations and preserve genetic diversity. Coregonus includes well-known species such as the European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and the cisco complex (e.g., Coregonus artedi) in North America.