Convector

A convector is a heating appliance that transfers heat to a space primarily through convection of air, sometimes complemented by radiant heat from its surface. Heated air rises from the convector, creating a circulation pattern that distributes warmth through the room. Convector performance depends on the size, heat source, and the degree of airflow allowed in the space.

Convector types include electric convectors, hydronic (water-based) convectors, and gas-fired convectors. Electric models contain electric resistance elements; hydronic convectors circulate hot water or steam through a coil or chamber; gas-fired convectors burn gas to heat a metal body that transfers heat to the surrounding air. Units are commonly rectangular or vertical panels installed in walls, under windows, or as baseboard-style facilities. Some models are designed with a built-in fan to boost airflow, producing forced convection.

Operation and use: heated surfaces warm the surrounding air, which then rises and circulates, comforting the room without requiring ductwork. Electric convectors respond quickly to thermostat changes, while hydronic systems can be integrated with central boilers. Advantages include localized heating, compatibility with low-temperature heating systems, and simple installation. Disadvantages can include lower radiant warmth, potential drafts or uneven temperatures if the unit is undersized, and routine maintenance requirements for air filters or water circuits.

Applications often include homes, offices, and hotels where ducted heating is impractical. Convection-focused heating can be used in conjunction with other methods, such as radiant or forced-air systems, to balance comfort and energy efficiency. See also convection, radiator, and baseboard heater.