Condensedmatterfysica

Condensedmatterfysica, also known as condensed matter physics, is the branch of physics that studies the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. It investigates how interactions among a large number of constituents—electrons, atoms, and molecules—give rise to collective behavior and emergent phenomena that cannot be deduced from single-particle physics alone. The field encompasses solids and liquids, including crystalline solids, amorphous materials, soft matter, and nanoscale systems, where the arrangement and interactions of constituents produce rich phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism, metal-insulator transitions, charge-density waves, and topological phases.

Research in condensedmatterfysica combines experimental observations with theoretical models and numerical simulations. Experimental methods include transport measurements, spectroscopy, diffraction, neutron and X-ray scattering, and scanning probe techniques. Theoretical approaches employ quantum mechanics, band theory, electron correlations, many-body physics, and statistical methods, often supplemented by computational tools such as density functional theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and tensor-network methods.

Key subfields include electronic structure and transport in solids, strongly correlated systems, quantum materials, low-dimensional systems, nanoscience, soft condensed matter, magnetism, and superconductivity. The study spans metals, semiconductors, insulators, polymers, and complex fluids, and often intersects with materials science, chemistry, and engineering. Advances in condensedmatterfysica have driven technologies such as transistors, magnetic storage, lasers, medical imaging, and emerging quantum devices.

Historically, the field grew from early solid-state physics in the 19th and 20th centuries to a mature discipline emphasizing collective phenomena and emergent behavior. Foundational concepts include Bloch's electrons, Landau's theory of phase transitions, and Anderson localization, while modern developments focus on quantum materials and topological order.