CompositeSystemen
CompositeSystemen, or composite systems, refer to physical, logical, or engineered systems that are composed of two or more subsystems that interact with each other. The behavior of a composite system cannot be fully understood by examining any single component in isolation, because the interactions give rise to collective dynamics, exchange of energy and information, and sometimes emergent properties.
In classical physics and engineering, the state of a composite system is described by the states of
In quantum mechanics, the state space is the tensor product of the subsystems' Hilbert spaces. Composite systems
Examples include molecules composed of atoms, electrical networks, mechanical assemblies, computer systems, and ecological or socio-technical
Modeling approaches emphasize interfaces, coupling mechanisms, and conservation laws. The behavior of a composite system often