Cichlasoma

Cichlasoma is a genus of freshwater cichlids in the family Cichlidae. It historically served as a broad umbrella for a wide range of Central American and northern South American species. In recent taxonomic revisions, the genus has been narrowed; many species formerly placed in Cichlasoma have been moved to other genera, including Amphilophus, Vieja, Nandopsis, Heros, Amatitlania and others, reflecting differences in morphology and genetic data. Some authorities retain a small core of species in Cichlasoma, but the composition varies by source.

Notable reassignments include species once common in the aquarium trade, such as those known as severums and the convict cichlid; these have since been allocated to alternative genera.

Physical characteristics of Cichlasoma proper tend to be medium-sized to large, with elongated bodies, a laterally compressed profile, and a range of color patterns from drab to vivid. They are typically omnivorous and territorial, especially during breeding. They are substrate spawners and exhibit parental care, with eggs laid on rock or in cavities and guarded by one or both parents; fry are fanned and protected until they disperse.

Geographic range covers freshwater habitats in Central America and parts of northern South America, including rivers, streams and lakes with varying water chemistry. In the aquarium hobby, several Cichlasoma species are kept by enthusiasts but require ample space, robust filtration, and territories; care levels range from intermediate to advanced due to aggression and size.