Cervids

Cervids are a diverse family of hoofed, herbivorous mammals in the order Artiodactyla, including deer, moose, elk, caribou, roe deer, and related species. About 55 living species are recognized, occurring primarily in the northern hemisphere across Europe, Asia, and North America, in forests, woodlands, grasslands, and tundra.

Antlers are a key feature of many cervids. These bone structures are grown by males and shed annually after the breeding season, though in some species females also grow antlers (notably caribou/reindeer). Antler size and shape vary by species and age; in most deer, only the males bear antlers.

They are typically ruminants, with specialized stomachs for fermenting plant matter. Diets vary seasonally from buds, leaves, and shoots to grasses and fruits. Many species form matrilineal groups or small herds, while some are solitary; caribou are known for large migrations.

Reproduction also varies, with mating in fall and gestation lasting about six to seven months. Most species give birth to a single fawn, or occasionally twins, after which the mother cares for the young for several weeks. Fawns grow rapidly and disperse as needed.

Cervid populations face threats such as habitat loss, overhunting, and disease, notably chronic wasting disease in North America. Some species are of conservation concern, while others remain common. They play ecological roles as herbivores and prey and have economic value through hunting and wildlife viewing. Taxonomically, cervids are divided into the subfamilies Cervinae and Capreolinae, with genera including Cervus, Rangifer, Alces, Odocoileus, and others.