Carnation

Carnation, or Dianthus caryophyllus, is a flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. Native to the Mediterranean region and southwestern Asia, it is widely cultivated for its fragrant, ruffled blooms. It is a tufted, evergreen perennial or biennial grown as an annual in cooler climates.

Description: Stems are slender; leaves are opposite and narrow. Flowers are in terminal clusters, with five petals that are often fringed. Colors include pink, red, white, and bi-colored; some varieties are double. The scent is typically spicy and clove-like.

Cultivation: Carnations require well-drained soil and full sun. They tolerate lean to moderately fertile soil but dislike soggy roots. Water moderately, and avoid waterlogging. Fertilize during growth, and deadhead to encourage flowering. In cool climates they are grown as annuals.

Propagation and varieties: They are propagated by seed, cuttings, or division. Breeding has produced standard carnations with large heads and spray carnations with multiple blooms on a stem across a wide color range.

Pests and diseases: Aphids, thrips, and spider mites are common pests; botrytis and rust can occur in damp conditions. Good air circulation and spacing help prevent problems.

Uses and symbolism: Widely used in bouquets and corsages, as well as borders in gardens. They are associated with Mother's Day in several countries and are the birth flower of January in some traditions. Colors convey meanings, such as red for admiration and pink for gratitude.