Mothers

A mother is a female parent, typically the woman who bears a child or who takes on primary caregiving for a child. The term can refer to a biological mother, an adoptive mother, or a foster mother, as well as a social mother who acts in a parental role.

Biological aspects: In humans, the mother contributes genetic material and, during pregnancy, the fetus develops in the uterus; after birth, lactation and caregiving are common. However, not all children have access to their birth mother, and motherhood can be assumed through adoption, surrogacy, or other caregiving arrangements.

Role in development: Early bonding and maternal responsiveness influence attachment, emotional regulation, and social development. Maternal health and stress levels can affect child outcomes, and supportive caregiving is linked with better long-term well-being.

Social and cultural dimensions: Societal expectations of motherhood vary widely and can include norms about caregiving, work, and family life. In many places, maternity leave and family policies shape mothers' opportunities to combine work and parenting.

Economic and legal aspects: Mothers may enjoy legal parental rights and responsibilities; adoption and foster care involve various processes. Access to healthcare, education, and social services affects maternal well-being.

Diversity and modern trends: The category of motherhood includes single mothers, stepmothers, grandmothers who act as primary caregivers, and mothers in LGBTQ+ families. Global perspectives reflect different traditions, support networks, and challenges, including postpartum depression and inequality.