Caryophyllaceae

Caryophyllaceae, the pink family, is a widely distributed group of flowering plants within the order Caryophyllales. It comprises roughly 85 to 90 genera and about 2,600 species, with greatest diversity in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and notable representation in Africa and Eurasia. Members range from small annuals to herbaceous perennials and, in a few genera, to low shrubs in high-altitude areas.

Typical characteristics include herbaceous habit, opposite or whorled leaves with simple, entire blades, and flowers arranged in cymes or clusters. The perianth usually consists of five petals and five sepals; petals are often distinct in form, sometimes notched or fringed, and the two lips or lobes of the petals give a characteristic appearance in many cultivated species. The five sepals are typically united at the base to form a tubular or bell-shaped calyx. The ovary is usually superior, and the fruit is a capsule that dehisces to release many small seeds. Pollination is primarily by insects, though some species are wind-pollinated.

Economically and horticulturally, Caryophyllaceae is significant for ornamental plants. Well-known members include Dianthus (carnations and pinks), Silene (campions and catchflies), Stellaria (chickweeds), Gypsophila (baby’s breath), and Cerastium (mouse-ear chickweeds). These plants are popular in gardens for their flowers and long-lasting display, while many wild species contribute to meadow and woodland ecosystems.

Caryophyllaceae faces issues related to habitat loss and competition from invasive species in some regions, but it remains a diverse and ecologically important family in temperate flora.