Capuchin

Capuchin is a term with two broad uses in biology and religious history. In primatology, it refers to a group of highly intelligent New World monkeys; in Catholic history, it denotes a mendicant order of friars within the Franciscan tradition. The name of the monkeys is derived from the hooded robes worn by Capuchin monks, a visual cue later echoed in the monkeys’ head coloration and cap-like crown of fur.

Capuchin monkeys comprise two extant genera, Sapajus (tufted capuchins) and Cebus (gracile capuchins); previously all species were placed in the single genus Cebus. They inhabit tropical forests, woodland and savanna edges of Central and South America, from Mexico to northern Argentina. Notable species include the white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) and the tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella).

Capuchins are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders. They exhibit complex social structures, live in multi-male, multi-female groups, and engage in social grooming and vocal communication. Their problem-solving abilities and use of tools have been demonstrated in field and captive studies, contributing to their reputation as one of the most cognitively capable non-human primates.

Species ranges vary in conservation status. Habitat loss, hunting and fragmentation threaten several capuchin species, while others remain relatively stable in protected areas. IUCN assessments range from Least Concern to Endangered depending on the species.

Capuchin friars, or the Capuchin Order, are a mendicant religious community within the Franciscans. Formed in the early 16th century as a reform movement, they wear a brown hooded habit with a distinctive capuche. The order emphasizes poverty, preaching, and charitable work, and has a global presence in education, health care, and missions.