Cancro

Cancro, in Italian, refers to cancer—the group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells that can invade nearby tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Cancer arises when genetic or epigenetic changes disturb normal cell regulation, often due to a combination of inherited predispositions and environmental or lifestyle factors. It can develop in virtually any tissue or organ.

Cancers are commonly categorized by the tissue of origin. Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, sarcomas from connective tissues, leukemias from blood-forming tissues, lymphomas from the lymphatic system, and melanomas from pigment-producing cells. Tumors are also described by their aggressiveness and stage, ranging from localized disease to advanced, metastatic cancer.

Risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol, obesity, physical inactivity, infectious agents (such as HPV and hepatitis viruses), exposure to carcinogens (radon, asbestos), ultraviolet radiation, and inherited genetic mutations. Age is a major factor, with risk increasing over time.

Signs and symptoms vary by type and location but may include a new lump, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, persistent pain, or changes in bodily functions. Routine screening and early detection improve outcomes for many cancers.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging, laboratory tests, and tissue biopsy with pathological examination, often complemented by molecular profiling to guide treatment decisions. Treatments depend on cancer type and stage and may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and stem cell transplantation, used alone or in combination.

Prognosis ranges widely by cancer type, stage, and response to treatment. Prevention focuses on reducing risk factors, vaccination where applicable, and adherence to recommended screening programs.