Calvagem

Calvagem is the process of parturition in cattle and other ruminants, a term commonly used in Portuguese-speaking livestock contexts. It refers to the sequence from the onset of labor through delivery of the offspring and the expulsion of the placenta. Calvagem is a central event in dairy and beef operations, affecting animal welfare, production, and economics. While cattle are the most commonly discussed, the term can also apply to sheep and goats, among other species, with species-specific differences in timing and management.

Gestation length and timing of calving vary by species, breed, nutrition, and parity. In cattle, gestation typically ranges around 270 to 290 days. Signs that calving is approaching include restlessness, isolation from the herd, udder distension, mucous discharge, and abdominal contractions. Monitoring is important to identify normal labor versus complications.

Labor is traditionally described in three stages. Stage I involves start of uterine contractions and cervical dilation, often lasting several hours and characterized by restlessness and reduced appetite. Stage II is the delivery of the calf, with visible abdominal contractions and the appearance of the presenting parts (often front feet and nose first), followed by the calf’s birth. Stage III is the expulsion of the placenta, which may occur within a few hours after birth. Retained placenta, abnormal presentations, or prolonged labor require veterinary attention.

Postpartum care focuses on both cow and calf: ensuring the newborn receives adequate colostrum promptly, maintaining a clean environment, inspecting the navel, and providing dry, comfortable conditions for recovery. Calving management includes planning, hygiene, observation, and, when necessary, timely intervention to prevent dystocia and ensure animal welfare.

See also: parturition in animals; obstetric management in livestock.