CEFRniveaus

CEFRniveaus are the six levels of language proficiency defined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The CEFR is a global standard for describing and comparing language ability across languages and contexts. The levels, A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2, span from beginner to mastery and are commonly used to link learning objectives, curricula, and assessment outcomes.

Each level comes with general descriptors of what a learner can do in listening, reading, spoken production and interaction, and writing, often summarized through Can-Do statements. The framework provides guidance on what is achievable at each level, rather than prescribing specific curricula, enabling teachers and learners to set targets and monitor progress. It is widely used in schools, universities, governmental language programs, and in the design and evaluation of language examinations.

Applications and mappings: many language examinations and institutional programs publish CEFR-level descriptors or mappings, enabling comparisons across different tests and curricula. For example, an exam may report a CEFR level such as B2, and universities may require that level for admission.

Limitations: while highly influential, CEFRniveaus are broad and can be applied flexibly to different languages and contexts. Critics note that the descriptors may not capture all communicative skills or cultural nuances, and that mapping between test scores and CEFR levels can vary.

History: the CEFR was developed by the Council of Europe and published in 2001, with subsequent companion volumes and ongoing guidance to support consistent use and alignment in education and assessment.