Bvirusten

Bvirusten, commonly referred to as B virus or Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (CeHV-1), is an alphaherpesvirus native to macaque monkeys. In humans it can cause a severe, often fatal encephalitis following zoonotic transmission. The natural reservoir is macaques; infections have been reported in researchers, veterinarians, and workers in facilities housing macaques. Transmission occurs mainly through bites, scratches, or exposure of mucous membranes or broken skin to infected macaque saliva or other tissues.

Clinical course in humans is variable; incubation is typically from several days to a few weeks. Early symptoms may resemble influenza (fever, malaise, headache) followed by progressive neurologic symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma. Once encephalitis develops, the prognosis is poor without treatment; historically fatal in a majority of cases. There is no licensed human vaccine.

Diagnosis relies on molecular detection of viral DNA by PCR from CSF, blood, or lesion swabs, supported by serology or viral culture in specialized laboratories. Given the risk of severe disease, any suspected exposure requires immediate medical evaluation and initiation of antiviral therapy, usually with acyclovir or related agents, and intensive monitoring. Even with treatment, outcomes vary and long-term neurologic sequelae may occur.

Prevention focuses on avoiding exposure and strict biosafety practices in facilities that work with macaques: use of personal protective equipment, immediate wound cleansing, vaccination where applicable, and prompt post-exposure management. Public health reporting and occupational safety guidelines help reduce risk. Bvirusten remains a notable example of zoonotic herpesviruses posing occupational hazards in primate research and care settings.