Bracci

The term "bracci" refers to a historical Italian military unit and a specific type of armored infantry soldier that played a significant role in Renaissance warfare. Originating in the late 13th century, the *braccio* (singular) was a heavily armored foot soldier equipped with a pike, a long spear, and often a crossbow or arquebus for additional firepower. The name derives from the Italian word *braccio*, meaning "arm," reflecting the soldiers' primary weapon, the pike, which could be as long as six feet.

Bracci were organized into companies, often numbering several hundred men, and were a key component of the condottieri—mercenary armies led by professional military commanders. These units were particularly prominent in the Italian city-states of the 15th and early 16th centuries, where they were employed by republics such as Venice, Florence, and the Papal States. Their disciplined formations and tactical flexibility made them formidable against both cavalry and infantry.

The bracci were known for their distinctive armor, which included a rounded helmet called a *morione*, a breastplate, and often reinforced leg and arm protection. Their primary role was to form the backbone of infantry formations, shielding archers and other troops while advancing in dense, interlocking pike squares. This tactic was highly effective against mounted charges and allowed them to dominate battlefield engagements during a transitional period between medieval and early modern warfare.

By the mid-16th century, the rise of firearms and the decline of heavy cavalry reduced the dominance of pike-and-shot formations. However, the legacy of the bracci endured in the development of professional infantry units across Europe. Their organizational structure and combat tactics influenced later military traditions, leaving a lasting impact on Renaissance military history.