Boxwoods

Boxwoods are evergreen shrubs and small trees in the genus Buxus, valued for dense, compact growth and small, glossy leaves. Native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, they have been cultivated worldwide for formal hedges, foundation plantings, and topiary.

Growth and characteristics: The most commonly grown species is Buxus sempervirens, the European boxwood. Leaves are opposite, evergreen, typically 1–3 cm long with a fine central vein. Plants form compact, slow-growing mounds or columnar shapes when pruned. They tolerate shearing and are well suited to sculpted forms and hedges.

Cultivation: Boxwoods prefer moist, well-drained soil with a pH ranging from slightly acidic to mildly alkaline. They perform best in partial shade in hot southern climates and can tolerate full sun in cooler areas if soil remains evenly moist. They dislike drought and waterlogged conditions. Fertilize sparingly in spring with a balanced fertilizer. Good air circulation helps reduce disease risk.

Propagation and cultivars: Propagation is typically by semi-hardwood cuttings or layering. Numerous cultivars exist, chosen for leaf size, habit, and foliage color. Common hedge forms include compact, dense selections such as the dwarf forms used for low hedges and edging.

Uses: Boxwoods are widely used for formal hedges, borders, parterres, and topiary. They are also employed in garden rooms and as foundation plantings, and are occasionally used in bonsai.

Diseases and pests: Boxwood blight (caused by Calonectria/Cylindrocladium species) is a major concern, producing leaf spots and twig dieback. Other issues include boxwood leafminer, mites, scale, and root rot in poorly drained soil. Management emphasizes sanitation, proper spacing, and resistant cultivars, along with appropriate cultural practices.