Bovinae

Bovinae is a subfamily of the Bovidae family that encompasses the largest hoofed, herbivorous mammals commonly referred to as cattle-like bovids. Members range from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and zebu (Bos taurus indicus) to wild relatives such as bison, gaur, yaks, water buffalo, and the saola. They are typically characterized by substantial bodies, strong limbs, and horns in most species, though horn shape and presence can vary. Their diet is primarily plant-based, with grazing on grasses and browse on foliage, and they occupy a wide range of habitats including savannas, grasslands, forests, and highlands.

Taxonomically, Bovinae is divided into several lineages that reflect their diversity and geographic spread. The Bovini tribe includes domestic cattle and true buffaloes, as well as related species, while Boselaphini contains forms such as the nilgai. The saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) is placed in its own lineage within Bovinae. Bubalus includes the water buffalo, and other genera contribute to the subfamily’s breadth. This grouping captures both morphological variation and broad distribution across Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Ecology and human interactions: Bovinae species occupy a variety of ecosystems and are often social, forming herds with complex interactions and hierarchies. Domestication of cattle began in multiple regions during the Neolithic, providing meat, milk, leather, and labor, and shaping agricultural development. Wild bovids face threats from habitat loss, hunting, and disease, with several species classified as vulnerable or endangered. Conservation and management efforts aim to protect genetic diversity and sustainable populations while supporting human livelihoods.