BatteriesystemEntwicklung

Battery system, or battery pack, is an integrated assembly of energy storage units, usually including cells, modules, a battery management system, thermal management, and power electronics, designed to deliver grid- or vehicle-scale energy. The core is one or more electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel to meet voltage and capacity requirements. Modules group cells for mechanical and thermal management; packs integrate modules with a BMS and protective enclosure.

A BMS monitors cell voltages, currents, temperatures, and impedance, estimates state of charge and health, balances cell voltages, and enforces safety limits. Thermal management maintains operating temperatures to optimize performance and longevity, using active or passive cooling. The system also includes charging and discharge controls, protection circuits, and connectors.

Common chemistries include lead-acid, lithium-ion (including NMC, LFP, NCA), nickel-based, and emerging solid-state. Applications range from consumer electronics to electric vehicles and stationary storage. Configurations may be designed for high voltage with series connections or high capacity with parallel connections, and may be modular to scale capacity.

Key performance metrics are energy capacity (kWh), power rating (kW), energy density (Wh/kg or Wh/L), cycle life, calendar life, efficiency, and thermal reliability. Charging strategies, C-rate, and cooling requirements influence performance and safety. Safety considerations include thermal runaway, overcharge, overdischarge, and mechanical damage, mitigated by sensors, venting, software limits, and fire suppression.

Standards and testing cover safety, reliability, and transport. Recycling and second-life reuse are increasingly important for environmental and economic reasons.