Ballerina

A ballerina is a dancer who performs ballet, typically a professional female performer. The term derives from the Italian ballerina, the feminine form of ballerino, and is used in many languages to denote a female dancer in the art of ballet. In English, it has often been associated with leading roles or high rank within a company, though it is commonly used simply to mean a woman who dances ballet.

Training and career paths usually begin in childhood at a dedicated school or studio. Trainees study turnout, alignment, technique, strength, and endurance, progressing from corps de ballet to soloist and, for the most accomplished, to ranks such as prima ballerina, danseuse étoile, or prima ballerina assoluta, depending on the company and tradition. A long apprenticeship in repertoire, partnering, and acting is typical.

Technique and performance emphasize en pointe work, turnout from the hip, precise footwork, port de bras, épaulement, and expressive stage presence. Repertoire ranges from classical ballets like Swan Lake, Giselle, and The Sleeping Beauty to contemporary works by modern choreographers. Roles for leading dancers are physically demanding and require stamina, artistry, and strong acting.

Costume and stagecraft accompany performances, with tutus or classical gowns, complemented by lighting, scenery, and partnering. Dancers train to manage the physical demands of rehearsal and performance schedules, and to minimize injury risks.

Notable ballerinas include Anna Pavlova, Margot Fonteyn, Galina Ulanova, Natalia Makarova, Tamara Rojo, and Svetlana Zakharova. The title and recognition of a ballerina can vary by company and tradition, reflecting evolving standards in the art form.