Balanoplasty

Balanoplasty is a surgical procedure aimed at reconstructing or reshaping the glans penis, the head of the penis. It is performed to correct deformities, restore anatomy after injury or disease, or as part of broader penile reconstruction. Indications include scarring or deformity from trauma, burns, infections, inflammatory diseases such as lichen sclerosus, complications of circumcision, congenital anomalies affecting the glans, or after excision of penile tumors.

Techniques vary and are tailored to the underlying problem. Reconstructive goals typically include restoring a normal glans contour, preserving or improving sensation, and maintaining or improving functional outcomes. Common methods involve local skin flaps or split-thickness skin grafts placed on a prepared bed. Less frequently, mucosal grafts or tissue expansion may be used. Balanoplasty may be performed as an isolated procedure or as part of more extensive penile reconstruction, such as after hypospadias repair or following oncologic surgery.

Procedure and recovery: the operation is usually performed under general anesthesia. The surgeon reshapes the glans, applies grafts or flaps to achieve the desired contour, and secures tissue with sutures. Postoperative care includes wound management, catheterization as needed, and restrictions on sexual activity for several weeks to allow healing. Regular follow-up assesses graft take, sensation, and cosmetic appearance.

Risks and outcomes: potential complications include infection, graft or flap failure, bleeding, scarring, altered penile sensation, penile curvature, or urethral issues requiring revision. Overall outcomes are influenced by the underlying condition, technique, and healing, with many patients achieving improved appearance and preserved or enhanced function.