circumcision

Circumcision is the surgical removal of all or part of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis. It is performed for a variety of reasons, including religious, cultural, and medical considerations. In many countries it is commonly carried out in infancy or early childhood, while in others it is less common or performed later in life. Procedures vary in the amount of foreskin removed and in the method used.

Techniques commonly used for newborn circumcision include the Gomco clamp, the Mogen clamp, and the Plastibell device. Procedures are usually done on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia and, in some settings, topical anesthetics or nerve blocks to reduce pain. Recovery is generally uncomplicated, though swelling and minor bleeding may occur.

Medical considerations: Some professional guidelines note possible health benefits, such as a reduced risk of urinary tract infections in infancy, certain penile cancers, and some sexually transmitted infections in high-prevalence settings. However, the absolute risk reductions are small and routine neonatal circumcision is not universally recommended. Potential risks include bleeding, infection, injury to the glans or urethral opening, adhesions, scarring, and anesthesia-related complications. Long-term effects on sexual function and sensitivity remain the subject of debate.

Cultural and ethical aspects: Circumcision is a defining practice in Judaism and Islam and is common in many African and Middle Eastern cultures. In other regions, it is elective and influenced by personal, familial, and medical considerations. Debates focus on consent, bodily autonomy, medical necessity, and cost. Decisions are typically made by parents or guardians in consultation with clinicians, taking into account cultural, religious, and medical factors.