Autizm

Autizm, or autism spectrum disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and interaction, and by restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It is described as a spectrum because symptoms and their severity vary widely among individuals.

Onset usually occurs in the first years of life, with signs such as limited eye contact, delays in speech and language, and unusual interests or sensory responses. Some people are identified in early childhood, while others are diagnosed later due to level of functioning or access to services.

The causes are not fully understood. Most researchers consider autizm to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect brain development. No single gene or factor explains all cases.

Diagnosis involves developmental history and observation, using criteria from DSM-5 or ICD-11. There is no blood test for autizm. Screening tools and multidisciplinary assessments are used to determine whether criteria are met and to rule out other conditions.

Treatment focuses on supports and learning throughout life. There is no cure. Evidence-based interventions include early intensive behavioral and developmental therapies, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and social skills training. Educational plans and accommodations are common, and medications may be used for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or ADHD when appropriate.

People with autizm have diverse abilities and experiences. Many live independently, pursue education and employment, and participate in community life with appropriate supports. The neurodiversity perspective emphasizes recognizing strengths and ensuring dignity and inclusion.

Prevalence estimates indicate that autizm affects a portion of the population, with higher reported rates in some countries due to awareness and diagnostic practices. Ongoing research seeks to clarify causes, improve diagnostics, and develop effective supports.