Atomprecision

Atomprecision is the intended capability to control, manipulate, and measure matter at the level of individual atoms with predictable, reproducible outcomes. In practice, the term is used to describe progress toward atomically precise manufacturing (APM) and related research directions that seek tolerances at or near the atomic scale. While not a formal scientific term with a single universal definition, atomprecision is commonly associated with nanoscale fabrication, materials design, and metrology that require atomic-level control.

Key techniques and approaches include scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for atom-by-atom assembly, chemical synthesis of atomically precise clusters, atomic layer deposition, and molecular beam epitaxy. These methods aim to position atoms or layers with precision better than a few tenths of a nanometer. The field draws on advances in surface science, cryogenic environments, and ultra-high vacuum.

Historical milestone: In 1990, IBM researchers Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer spelled 'IBM' using 35 xenon atoms on a nickel surface, illustrating the feasibility of atom-scale placement. Since then, notable progress has focused on increasing automation, reducing error, and extending to more complex structures and functional devices, though widespread industrial deployment remains a long-term goal.

Applications of atomprecision include quantum devices, nanoelectronics, photonics, catalysis research, and materials science, where exact atomic arrangements can influence electronic, optical, and chemical properties. The term signals aspirational capabilities rather than a finished manufacturing paradigm.

Challenges include variability, thermal stability, contamination, measurement limits, and cost of maintaining extreme environmental conditions. Scalability from a few atoms to millimeter-scale components remains a major hurdle, as does the need for standardized metrics and verification methods.