Asidoosi

Asidoosi, or acidosis, is a medical condition in which body fluids become too acidic, commonly defined by arterial pH below 7.35. It results from excess acids, a loss of bicarbonate, or impaired removal of carbon dioxide. Clinically, acidosis is classified as metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis, with possible mixed forms. The term asidoosi is commonly used in Finnish medical language to mean acidosis.

Metabolic acidosis occurs with increased acid production (for example in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis), decreased bicarbonate (such as severe diarrhea), kidney failure, or toxin exposure (ethylene glycol, methanol, salicylates). Respiratory acidosis arises from hypoventilation and carbon dioxide retention, seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe pneumonia, airway obstruction, drug overdose, or neuromuscular disease.

Symptoms vary with severity and cause and may include rapid breathing, confusion, fatigue, nausea, or abdominal pain. In severe acidosis, cardiovascular instability or coma can occur.

Diagnosis relies on arterial blood gas analysis showing low pH and low bicarbonate (metabolic acidosis) or high CO2 (respiratory acidosis). Evaluations include electrolyte tests, anion gap assessment, lactate and ketone levels, renal function, and targeted toxin testing to identify underlying causes.

Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying condition and supporting physiology. This may involve intravenous fluids, insulin for diabetic ketoacidosis, electrolyte correction, bicarbonate administration in selected severe cases, respiratory support or ventilation, and dialysis when indicated by renal failure or certain poisonings. Prognosis depends on the cause and speed of treatment.