poisonings

Poisonings refer to illness or injury caused by exposure to toxic substances. They can be accidental, intentional, or due to occupational or environmental sources. Common causes include household cleaning products, medications taken in overdose, alcohol, pesticides, and naturally occurring toxins from plants or animals.

Exposure can occur by ingestion, inhalation, skin or eye contact, or injection. In children, ingestion is a frequent route; in adults, inhalation and ingestion of substances such as solvents or gases are common. Symptoms vary with the toxin and dose and may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, respiratory difficulty, seizures, or coma.

Evaluation relies on history and physical examination, with laboratory tests and toxicology screening as needed. Stabilization of airway, breathing, and circulation is the first priority in suspected poisoning, and emergency care should be sought immediately. Poison-control centers can provide guidance.

Treatment depends on the substance and may involve decontamination (for example, removal from exposure, skin or eye irrigation), administration of antidotes for specific poisons, and supportive care in a hospital. Some exposures require specialized interventions or prolonged observation.

Prevention focuses on safe storage, clear labeling, child-resistant packaging, and education about the risks of household products, medications, and environmental toxins.