Anoskopi

Anoskopi, or anoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure used to examine the anal canal and the distal part of the rectum with a small, tube-like instrument called an anoscope. The exam provides direct visualization of the mucosa in these regions and can help identify conditions such as hemorrhoids, fissures, polyps, ulcers, infections, or inflammatory changes. It is commonly performed in outpatient settings and can be part of a broader anorectal assessment.

Equipment and technique: Anoscope can be rigid or flexible and is designed to fit the rectal opening. The patient is usually positioned on the left side or in a knee-chest position. The anal area is lubricated, and local anesthesia may be used. The clinician gently inserts the anoscope a few centimeters into the anal canal to visualize the lining. If needed, small biopsy forceps can obtain tissue samples, and in some cases a light insufflation of air improves visibility.

Indications and scope: Anoscopy is used to evaluate symptoms such as rectal bleeding, anal pain, itching, or discharge, and to assess suspected hemorrhoids, fissures, polyps, tumors, or inflammatory lesions of the anal canal and lower rectum. It is often part of a comprehensive proctologic examination and may be complemented by digital rectal examination or other endoscopic procedures.

Risks and limitations: The procedure is generally safe but may cause brief discomfort or minor bleeding after biopsy. Perforation is rare. Visualization is limited to the anal canal and distal rectum, and higher segments of the rectum or colon cannot be assessed with anoscopy alone.

See also: Proctoscopy, Colonoscopy, Digital rectal examination.