Angioleiomyolipomas

Angioleiomyolipomas (AMLs) are rare, benign tumors that typically occur in the kidneys. They are composed of three types of tissue: blood vessels (angiomy), smooth muscle (leiomy), and fat (lipoma). AMLs are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies for unrelated conditions. They are usually asymptomatic and do not require treatment unless they cause symptoms such as pain, hematuria, or growth. The exact cause of AMLs is unknown, but they are thought to be related to genetic mutations that affect the growth and differentiation of cells.

AMLs can occur in other organs besides the kidneys, including the liver, lungs, and heart. They are more commonly found in women and are often associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in various parts of the body. TSC is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which are also involved in the development of AMLs.

Diagnosis of AMLs typically involves imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, which can help determine the size and location of the tumor. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for AMLs depend on the size, location, and symptoms of the tumor. Small, asymptomatic AMLs may not require treatment, while larger tumors or those causing symptoms may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, or medication. Regular follow-up is important to monitor the growth and progression of AMLs, especially in individuals with TSC.