Ambulation

Ambulation is the ability to move about on foot from one location to another. It can be performed independently or with assistive devices or support. Ambulation relies on intact musculoskeletal structure, neuromuscular control, balance, and cardiovascular endurance, and is a central component of mobility in most everyday activities.

Gait and assessment: The gait cycle includes stance and swing phases. Clinicians measure ambulation using metrics such as walking speed, distance covered, and timing-based tests like the Timed Up and Go or the six-minute walk test. These measures help determine functional level, progress in rehabilitation, and safety risks.

Causes and limitations: Impairment may result from acute injury, surgery, or chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, or cardiopulmonary disease. Pain, weakness, sensory loss, balance impairment, and cognitive factors can limit ambulatory ability. Age-related changes also influence gait speed and endurance.

Rehabilitation and management: Evaluation by a clinician followed by individualized rehabilitation focuses on strength, range of motion, balance, coordination, endurance, and safe gait mechanics. Gait training, task-specific practice, and, when appropriate, neuromuscular stimulation or assistive devices may be employed. Pain management and cardiovascular conditioning are often integrated into programs to support sustained ambulation.

Assistive devices and safety: Devices include canes, crutches, walkers, and ankle–foot orthoses. Proper fitting and instruction are essential for effectiveness and safety. Environmental modifications, appropriate footwear, and fall prevention strategies further support ambulation.

Prognosis and outcomes: Ambulation levels influence independence, activity participation, and quality of life. Improvement is often gradual and depends on the underlying condition, comorbidity, and rehabilitation adherence.