Amblyopsidae

Amblyopsidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly known as cavefish. These fish are characterized by their adaptation to low-light or completely dark environments, primarily found in caves, springs, and subterranean streams in eastern North America. A defining feature of many amblyopsids is their reduced or absent eyes, a result of evolutionary adaptation to aphotic zones. They also possess a lack of pigmentation, often resulting in a translucent or pale appearance.

The family includes several genera, with the most well-known being Amblyopsis, known as the blind cavefish, and Typhlichthys, the spring cavefish. These species typically inhabit cold, clear waters and are often found in areas with stable temperatures. Their diet usually consists of small invertebrates, such as crustaceans and insect larvae, which they locate using a well-developed lateral line system that detects vibrations and water movement.

Reproduction in amblyopsids is varied, with some species exhibiting parental care. The life cycle is generally slow, reflecting the stable but nutrient-poor environments they inhabit. Due to their specialized habitats, amblyopsids are vulnerable to environmental changes, including water pollution and alterations to groundwater flow. Conservation efforts are often focused on protecting their unique cave and spring ecosystems.