Alzheimera

Alzheimera is a term sometimes used to refer to Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. In standard medical usage, the condition is called Alzheimer's disease. The disease is characterized by gradual memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes that interfere with daily functioning.

Pathologically, it involves accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles, widespread brain atrophy, and loss of synaptic connections, particularly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.

The causes are multifactorial, with aging, genetic factors, and environment shaping risk. Major genetic risk factors include APOE variants and, in rare early-onset cases, pathogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2.

Clinical presentation typically begins with memory impairment and disorientation, followed by language difficulties, impaired executive function, and changes in mood or behavior.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and neuropsychological testing, with imaging to exclude other causes, and biomarkers—such as cerebrospinal fluid or positron emission tomography—used in some settings to support the diagnosis.

There is no cure. Management focuses on symptom relief, functional support, and risk reduction, using cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine where appropriate.

Nonpharmacological approaches—cognitive stimulation, physical activity, sleep optimization, nutrition, and caregiver education—are also important components of care.

Disease-modifying therapies have shown modest slowing of progression in some studies, and regulatory approval varies by country.

Prognosis is variable; most patients experience gradual decline over several years, eventually requiring substantial assistance and facing increased risk of complications.

Epidemiology focuses on older populations, with prevalence rising with age and significant social and economic impact worldwide.