Allokasjon

Allokasjon is the process of distributing scarce resources or assets to meet needs or demands. The term is used across disciplines such as economics, computer science, logistics, and public policy, and the central aim is to allocate resources efficiently and fairly within given constraints.

In economics, resource allocation concerns how inputs like land, labor, capital, and technology are assigned to produce goods and services. Allocation can be guided by market prices and voluntary exchange, which can lead to efficient outcomes under certain conditions, or by government planning, regulation, or quotas. Mechanisms include price signals, auctions, centralized planning, and rationing. Efficiency and equity are common objectives, though they may be in tension.

In computing, allocation refers to assigning memory or other resources to processes. Memory allocation includes static versus dynamic allocation, contiguous versus non-contiguous schemes, and management techniques such as paging and segmentation. Improper allocation can cause fragmentation or memory leaks, while proper allocation supports performance and stability of systems.

In logistics and operations, allocation distributes inventory or production capacity to meet demand. This includes allocating stock to customer orders, allocating warehouse space, or assigning production runs. Allocation rules and priorities—such as first-come, first-served or priority customer status—affect throughput, service levels, and fairness.

In public policy and health, allocation decisions weigh need, risk, and impact. Criteria commonly used include urgency, cost-effectiveness, and equity. Tools for these decisions include optimization models, simulations, and cost-benefit analysis to guide fair and effective distribution of constrained resources.