Alergiach

Alergiach is a term used in some languages to denote a category of conditions commonly referred to as allergies. It describes an immune-mediated reaction to substances that are ordinarily harmless to most people, known as allergens. Reactions can affect the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or cardiovascular system and may range from mild symptoms to severe, life-threatening events.

Most allergic reactions involve an IgE-mediated mechanism. During initial exposure, the immune system becomes sensitized to an allergen, leading to production of specific IgE antibodies. Upon subsequent exposure, these antibodies trigger the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils, causing symptoms such as itching, swelling, sneezing, wheeze, or anaphylaxis. Non-IgE mechanisms also contribute to some allergic conditions and other hypersensitivity reactions.

Diagnosis relies on clinical history and objective testing. Skin prick tests or measurement of allergen-specific IgE in blood help identify triggers. In suspected food allergies, supervised oral food challenges may be used. Management focuses on trigger avoidance, symptom relief with antihistamines, nasal steroids, or inhaled therapy, and, in selected cases, allergen-specific immunotherapy and emergency treatment with epinephrine for anaphylaxis.

Allergic conditions are common worldwide and affect people of all ages. The prevalence appears to be rising in many regions, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Ongoing research aims to understand mechanisms, improve diagnostics, and develop safer, more effective therapies.