Acnerelated

Acnerelated is a term used to describe conditions, symptoms, or management associated with acne vulgaris and its sequelae. It encompasses the inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions that define acne as well as the cosmetic and psychosocial impacts.

Acne-related pathology involves increased sebaceous gland activity and abnormal follicular keratinization, allowing sebum and keratin to block hair follicles. This environment can be colonized by Cutibacterium acnes, triggering inflammation and lesion formation. Hormonal influences, genetics, and environmental factors such as cosmetics and occlusion contribute to risk.

Acne-related skin changes range from noninflammatory comedones (open and closed) to inflammatory papules and pustules, and can progress to nodules or cysts in more severe forms. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and scarring are common sequelae.

Diagnosis is clinical, based on lesion types, distribution, and severity. Differential diagnoses include rosacea, folliculitis, keratosis pilaris, and perioral dermatitis; evaluation for hormonal or systemic contributors may be considered in persistent or atypical cases.

Management is tailored to severity, incorporating skincare, lifestyle factors, and pharmacotherapy. Mild cases often use OTC agents such as benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid; topical retinoids are common for many patients. Moderate to severe cases may require antibiotics or hormonal therapies; isotretinoin is reserved for severe or refractory disease. Scarring prevention includes prompt lesion treatment and sun protection.

Most acne-related conditions improve with age and appropriate treatment, though some individuals experience persistent or recurrent disease and potential scarring. Regular follow-up with a clinician can optimize outcomes.