Abseil

Abseil is a controlled technique for descending a vertical or near-vertical surface by using a rope and a friction-descender attached to a harness. It is widely used in rock climbing, caving, canyoning, rescue operations, and industrial rope access. The term is common in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other parts of the world, while in North America the activity is often called rappelling.

Technique and equipment

A rope is anchored at the top of the descent, and the climber attaches to the rope with a harness. A rappel device or friction-based descender is used to regulate the rope’s movement, allowing the climber to descend at a controlled speed. The climber typically manages friction and speed with the device, while a partner may manage rope protection and safety from above or below. Descents may use single-rope or two-rope systems, depending on length, redundancy needs, and the terrain. Equipment commonly includes a harness, helmet, gloves, a rope, an appropriate anchor at the top, a descender device, and backup safety measures.

Safety considerations

Key safety principles include using solid, redundant anchor points, inspecting rope and hardware for wear, and ensuring proper setup of the rappel device. Stopper knots at the end of the rope help prevent the rope from slipping through the device. Practitioners should be trained in device use, knot tying, and rescue procedures, and should avoid descending alone in unfamiliar terrain. Wearing a helmet and gloves reduces the risk of injury from rope burn, abrasion, or rock contact.

Terminology and variations

Abseiling terminology varies by region. Abseil describes the descent itself; rappelling is the term more commonly used in North America. Techniques and equipment are broadly similar across contexts, with variations in device choice and rope configuration to suit the terrain and the user’s experience level.