ALJ

ALJ stands for Administrative Law Judge, a type of adjudicator who presides over hearings and decisions within government regulatory agencies in the United States and other jurisdictions. ALJs are responsible for administering agency proceedings, applying agency rules to disputed facts, and issuing initial decisions on complaints, sanctions, benefits, or other regulatory matters.

Role and jurisdiction

Administrative law judges conduct formal hearings where parties can present evidence, call witnesses, and cross-examine other witnesses. They prepare a written decision that explains the factual findings and the legal conclusions, and which often includes any recommended or final orders. ALJ decisions bind the agency only to the extent of the agency’s rules and statutes, and are subject to subsequent review within the agency or in the courts.

Process and review

After an ALJ issues a decision, the agency typically allows for internal review by an appeals board or similar body, and the losing party may seek judicial review in federal or state courts, depending on the governing law. The standard of review on appeal generally focuses on whether the decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record and whether legal standards were correctly applied. In some programs, de novo review may be available for certain issues.

Qualifications and independence

ALJs are usually licensed attorneys with experience in administrative or regulatory law. They are employed by an agency and are expected to act with independence from line management to ensure fair proceedings. Their independence and adherence to due process are central to the legitimacy of agency adjudication.

Examples of agencies

Common settings include the Social Security Administration, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, National Labor Relations Board, Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Communications Commission, and others that enforce regulatory or enforcement programs.